Dopamine dysregulation syndrome has been observed in the aforementioned theory in people with regard to such activities as gambling. Deficiencies in serotonin might also contribute to compulsive behavior, including a gambling addiction. New studies regarding this link show that norepinephrine is secreted under stress, arousal, or thrill, so pathological gamblers gamble to make up for their under-dosage. It has been observed that some pathological gamblers have lower levels of norepinephrine than normal gamblers. Pathological gambling was long considered by the American Psychiatric Association to be an impulse-control disorder rather than an addiction.
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