The World Chess Championship 1984–1985 match between Kasparov and Karpov had many ups and downs and a controversial finish. The Kasparov-Korchnoi match was put together on short notice by Raymond Keene. Kasparov’s first (quarter-final) Candidates match was against Alexander Beliavsky, whom he defeated 6–3 (four wins, one loss).
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It consisted of four rapid (or semi rapid) games, in which Kasparov won 3–1, and eight blitz games, in which Kasparov won 6–2, winning the match with a final result of 9–3. Kasparov said he might play in some rapid chess events for fun, but he intended to spend more time on his books, including the My Great Predecessors series, and work on the links between decision-making in chess and other areas of life. When winning the Russian championship in 2004, he commented that it had been the last major title he had never won outright. After winning the prestigious Linares tournament for the ninth time, Kasparov announced on 10 March 2005 that he would retire from regular competitive chess. As black, Kasparov lost two (games 2 and 10), meaning Kramnik won the match 8½–6½, and Kramnik succeeded Kasparov as the Classical World Champion.citation needed Alexei Shirov and Kramnik played a candidates match to decide the challenger, which Shirov won in an upset.
The rules provided for the developers to modify the program between games, an opportunity they said they used to shore up weaknesses in the computer’s play revealed during the course of the match. In April 1994, Intel acted as a sponsor for the first Professional Chess Association Grand Prix event in Moscow, played at a time control of twenty-five minutes per game. In December 1992, Kasparov played thirty-seven blitz games against Fritz 2 in Cologne, winning 24, drawing 4 and losing 9. On 22 October 1989, Kasparov defeated the chess computer Deep Thought in both games of a two-game match. Kasparov went nine years winning every super-tournament he played, in addition to contesting his series of five consecutive matches with Karpov.
He finished the tournament third with 9.5/18, behind Nakamura (11/18) and So (10/18). The first of several training sessions was held in New York just before Nakamura participated in the Tata Steel Chess tournament in Wijk aan Zee, the Netherlands. Under Kasparov’s tutelage, in October 2009 Carlsen became the youngest ever to achieve a FIDE rating higher than 2800, and he rose from world number four to world number one. In its place, there were plans for a match against Rustam Kasimdzhanov, winner of the FIDE World Chess Championship 2004, to be held in January 2005 in the United Arab Emirates. But this match was called off after Ponomariov refused to sign his contract for it without reservation.
Kasparov then won a long ending to retain the title on a 12–12 scoreline. At one point in caspero the match, Kasparov opened a three-point lead and looked well on his way to a decisive victory. US Grandmaster Andy Soltis said it was “absurd” to suggest that Campomones was a KGB agent, but thought that his decisions in the match favoured Karpov. Then the match was ended without result by FIDE President Florencio Campomanes, and a new match was announced to start a few months later.
He tried to organise another world championship match under a different organisation, the World Chess Association (WCA), with Linares International Chess Tournament organiser Luis Rentero. Meanwhile, FIDE organised its world championship match between Timman (the defeated Candidates finalist) and former world champion Karpov (a defeated Candidates semi-finalist), which Karpov won. Kasparov and Short were ejected from FIDE and played their well-sponsored match in London in September 1993. After a confusing and compressed bidding process produced lower financial estimates than expected, the world champion and his challenger both rejected FIDE’s bid for an August match in Manchester and decided to play outside FIDE’s jurisdiction. In November 1986, Kasparov had created the Grandmasters Association (GMA) to represent professional players and give them more say in FIDE’s activities.
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In 2001, he refused an invitation to the 2002 Candidates Tournament to choose Kramnik’s first challenger, claiming his results had earned him a rematch with Kramnik. The Kasparov–Kramnik match took place in London during the latter half of 2000. After a match with Shirov could not be agreed by BrainGames.com and talks with Anand collapsed, a match was instead arranged against Kramnik. In an interview in 2007, Kasparov called the break with FIDE in 1993 the worst mistake of his career, as it hurt the game in the long run. Their match took place under the auspices of the Professional Chess Association (PCA), an organisation established by Kasparov and Short.
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He also played in the blitz section of the Grand Chess Tour 2021 event in Zagreb, Croatia. He launched Kasparov Chess, a subscription-based online chess community featuring documentaries, lessons, puzzles, podcasts, articles, interviews and playing zones, in 2021. Kasparov promised that any tournament money he earned would go towards charities to promote chess in Africa.
- In 2020, he participated in 9LX, a Chess960 tournament, and finished eighth of a field of ten players.
- The fifth volume, devoted to the chess careers of world champion Karpov and challenger Korchnoi, was published in March 2006.
- The Kasparov–Kramnik match took place in London during the latter half of 2000.
- He tried to organise another world championship match under a different organisation, the World Chess Association (WCA), with Linares International Chess Tournament organiser Luis Rentero.
- A long, tense game ensued, in which Karpov blundered away a pawn just before the first time control.
- Between 1981 and 1991, he won or tied for first place in every tournament he entered.
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Kasparov won the match decisively (8½–1½), winning all five games on the second day. Commentators GM Maurice Ashley and Alejandro Ramírez remarked how Kasparov was an ‘initiative hog’ throughout the match, consistently not allowing Short to gain any foothold in the games. The match consisted of two rapid games and eight blitz games and was contested over the course of two days. The event took place exactly 25 years after the two players’ unfinished encounter at World Chess Championship 1984.
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Plans for further engagement between Kasparov and IBM, including a rematch, did not come to fruition, due to the accusations of cheating. Kasparov claimed that several factors weighed against him in this match. He said that based on his “objective strengths” his play was stronger than that of Deep Blue. The first match took place in Philadelphia in February 1996 and was won by Kasparov (4–2).
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Kasparov holds the record for the longest time as the No. 1 rated player in the world—from 1984 to 2005 (Kramnik shared the No. 1 ranking with him once, in the January 1996 FIDE rating list). Kasparov received a Chess Oscar eleven times as the best chess player of the year, in 1982–1983, 1985–1988, 1995–1996, 1999, and 2001–2002. Kasparov made his international debut for the USSR at age 16 in the 1980 European Team Championship and played for Russia in the 1992 edition of that championship.
- In his 1980 Olympiad debut, he became, at age 17, the youngest player to represent the Soviet Union or Russia at that level, a record which was broken by Kramnik in 1992.
- The match consisted of two rapid games and eight blitz games and was contested over the course of two days.
- From age seven, he attended the Young Pioneer Palace in Baku and, at ten, began training at Mikhail Botvinnik’s chess school under coach Vladimir Makogonov.
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- In these tournament victories, Kasparov had a score of 53 wins, 61 draws and 1 loss in 115 games, his only defeat coming against Ivan Sokolov in Wijk aan Zee 1999.
- Announcing his decision, Campomanes cited the health of the players, which had been strained by the length of the match.
Kasparov and Karpov met for a fifth time, on this occasion in New York City and Lyon in 1990, with each city hosting 12 games. With one game left, Kasparov was down a point and needed a win to draw the match and retain his title. But Karpov fought back by winning three consecutive games to level the score late in the match. This rematch took place in 1986, hosted jointly in London and Leningrad, with each city hosting 12 games.
The match became the first, and so far only, world championship match to be abandoned without a result. Karpov started in very good form, and after nine games Kasparov was down 4–0 in a “first to six wins” match. That same year, he won the Candidates’ final 8½–4½ (four wins, no losses) against former world champion Smyslov at Vilnius, thus qualifying to play Karpov for the world championship. In January 1984, Kasparov became the No. 1 ranked player in the world, with a FIDE rating of 2710. He first qualified for the USSR Chess Championship at age 15 in 1978, the youngest-ever player at that level, by winning a 64-player Swiss system tournament at Daugavpils. Normally only established masters and local players were invited, but he received a special invitation, and took first place.
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When Kasparov was 11, Botvinnik wrote, “The future of chess lies in the hands of this young man.” Makogonov helped develop Kasparov’s positional skills and taught him to play the Caro–Kann Defence and the Tartakower System of the Queen’s Gambit Declined. Since retiring from chess, Kasparov has devoted his time to writing and politics. His peak FIDE chess rating of 2851, achieved in 1999, was the highest recorded until being surpassed by Magnus Carlsen in 2013.
Kasparov defended his PCA title in a 1995 match against Viswanathan Anand at the World Trade Center in New York City. The match considerably raised the profile of chess in the UK, with a substantial level of coverage on Channel 4. A long, tense game ensued, in which Karpov blundered away a pawn just before the first time control. A fourth match for the world title took place in 1987 in Seville, as Karpov had qualified through the Candidates’ Matches to become the official challenger once again. He was 22 years old at the time, making him the youngest-ever world champion, a record held by Mikhail Tal for over 20 years. Karpov, with White, needed to win the 24th game to retain the title but Kasparov won it with the Sicilian Defence.
In the late 1990s, Kasparov went on another long streak of ten consecutive super-tournament wins. The streak was broken by Vasyl Ivanchuk at Linares 1991, where Kasparov placed second, half a point behind him after losing their individual game. Kasparov holds the record for most consecutive professional tournament victories, placing first or equal first in fifteen individual tournaments from 1981 to 1990. He held that record until Carlsen attained a new record high rating of 2861 in January 2013. In January 1990, Kasparov achieved the (then) highest FIDE rating ever, passing 2800 and breaking Fischer’s old record of 2785.
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